現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞

1. 表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況(表示“已完成”)。如：

He has left the city. (結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市)

Someone has broken the window. (結(jié)果：窗戶破了)

2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去(表示“未完成”)。

I have been busy since last week.

He has taught in our school for 30 years.

I’ve finished half so far.

注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如：

She hasn’t seen you for ages.

His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

3. 表示過去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：

I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.

5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見詞語

能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：

1) since 自從

I have been there many times since the war.

We haven’t seen each other since last week.

We have been friends ever since.

2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中

I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

I have been here (for) the last/past month.

3) so far 到目前為止

We haven’t had any trouble so far.

So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止

Up to now he’s been quiet.

Up to now, the work has been easy.

I have heard nothing from him up till now.

Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…

It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

6) This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that … 這是最…

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系;

而一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如：

I have seen this film. (我已經(jīng)看過了這部電影)

I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的這部電影)

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用(如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等)，或者干脆沒有時(shí)間狀語;

而一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用(如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等)。

3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如live, teach, work, know等);

而一般過去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞(如begin, buy, die, marry等)。如：

He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析

1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如：

(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

(√) He has been dead for two years.

(√) He died two years ago.

(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。

(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

(×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。

(√) She has been married for three years.

(√) She married Mike three years ago.

2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了)，have gone to表示到某地去了(現(xiàn)在還沒回來)。如：

She has been to Paris (three times).

She has gone to Paris.

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