定語從句的幾種特殊現(xiàn)象

定語從句是起定語作用的,修飾,說明名詞,代詞或句子內(nèi)容的從句,被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。引導定語從句，并在句中擔任成分的詞叫做關系代詞或關系副詞。

定語從句是高考常考內(nèi)容之一，使用時要尤其注意以下十種特殊用法。

一、只用that不用which的情況

1、 當先行詞是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞時。如： Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.當時發(fā)生的一切就像是一場噩夢。 
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞會上跟我說的話全都告訴他。

2、 當先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very(恰好的,表示強調(diào))等詞修飾時。例如： The only thing that we could do was to wait.我們能做的只是等待。 
That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我們能做的事。

3、當先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。例如： 
The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我們參觀的第一個地方是長城。 
This is the best novel that I have ever read.這是我看過的最好的小說。

4、被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時。例如： 
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了兩條魚，把它們放在一盆水里。 你可以看到那兩條魚還活著呢。

5、主句是There be結構，修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that作關系代詞修飾物。例句： 
There’s still a room that is free.還有一個空房間。

6、先行詞中同時包括人和物時。例如： 
We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我們談論了我們記得的人和村子。 
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他問起他去過的這幾家工廠和工人的情況。

7、當主句中有who, which時，而定語從句中也要用到who或which時，為了避免who…who, which…which等重疊，定語從句要用that引導。例如： 
Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在門邊的那個男人是誰? 
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你養(yǎng)的那兩頭奶牛中哪一個產(chǎn)奶多?

8、人或物在定語從句中表語時，用that引導定語從句，而that通常也可以省略。例如： 
He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是過去的他。

二、修飾物時只用which不用that的情況

1、 引導非限制性定語從句時。例如： 
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，這使得他很輕。

2、 當關系詞前有介詞時。例如： 
This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)住過的地方。

3、在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞用了that, 另一個宜用which。例如： 
 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

我來給你看我從新開的圖書館里借來的那本小說。

4、當關系代詞后面有插入語時。例如： 
Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

這就是我跟你說過的會有助于你學好英語的那本英語語法書。

5、先行詞為that時。例如： 
The clock is that which can tell us the time.鐘是報時的裝置。

三、修飾人時只用who不用that的情況

1、先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those指代人時。如： 
The person I want to learn from is one who studies 
hard and works well.我最羨慕的是學習勤奮，工作出色的人。

2、在There be結構中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用 who關系代詞指代人。例如：
There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想見你。

3、當先行詞有較長的后置定語時。例如： 
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公園里遇到一位中文講得非常好的外國人。

4、一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that, 另一個宜用who以避免重復。The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.受到校長表揚的學生是位謙虛好學的班長。

注意：當關系代詞前面有介詞時，只能用whom。例如： 
The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.這封信的收信人三年前就去世了。

四、way在定語從句作先行詞的用法

當先行詞為way時，定語從句的引導詞可用in which, that或省略引導詞。

例如： 
I don’t like the way (that /in which)he looks at me. 我不喜歡他那種樣子看著我。

五、在定語從句中作狀語的關系副詞when, where, why的用法

1、先行詞表示時間時，定語從句中的謂語動詞如果是不及物動詞，用關系副詞when或介詞+ which; 如果是及物動詞，用which或that都行。例如： 
I still remember the days when(=on which)we lived together.我仍然記得我們在一起的時光。

2、先行詞表示地點時，如果定語從句中謂語動詞是不及物動詞，用關系副詞where或介詞+which; 如果是及物動詞時，用which或that都可以。例如： 
This is the small village where (=in which) Chairman Mao ever lived. 這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)居住過的小村莊。

3、 表示原因時，why前的先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason。例如： 
Can you tell me the reason why (=for which) you didn’t finish your homework? 你能告訴我你沒有完成作業(yè)的原因嗎?

六、whose引導的定語從句

Whose引導定語從句時，其先行詞可以指人，也可以指物，當先行詞指物時，可以用the+名詞+of which的結構。例如： 
 He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildings of which) are built on top of a hill.

他就讀的學校其房子都建在山頂上。

七、as作關系代詞引導的定語從句

1、引導限制性定語從句。在主句中常有the same, so或such與as相呼應, as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、主語補足語等。as引出的定語從句帶有比較意義，從句常常只寫出比較部分，但as本身不可省略。例如：

He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在課文中可以找到的那些詞語。 
They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他們在他們曾租用過的同一房間過夜。 
注意：在the same…后也可用that引導定語從句，但含義有所不同。that引出的從句，指的是與先行詞同一的事物，而as引導的從句指的是與先行詞同類的事物。例如： 
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.這個包和我昨天丟失的包的樣子是同樣的。 
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.這就是我昨天丟失的那個包。

2、引導非限制性定語從句。帶主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常譯為“正如-------”“就像------”等，定語從句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等動詞的主、被動語態(tài)。

例如： 
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那樣，月球每月繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。 
He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知覺，這從他的眼神可以看出來。

注意：as, which引導非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：

1)、都可以代整個主句，相當于and this或and that.

2)、as可放在句首，而which不能。

3)、as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;如果為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which. 例如： 
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨，這使得我不能去公園。

八、of短語作為定語從句的先行詞的情況

one of the +復數(shù)名詞這一結構后面的定語從句中的謂語動詞，通常用復數(shù)形式，與定語從句所靠近的那個復數(shù)名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。

但如果one of the+復數(shù)名詞這一結構前面帶有the/only/the only之類的限定語，從句的謂語動詞則要用單數(shù)形式，此時從句在意義上修飾的是the one.

例如： 
Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning. 湯姆是那天早晨遲到的男生之一。 
Tom is the (only/the only )one of the boys who was late that morning.湯姆是那天早上唯一遲到的男生。

九、that有時可用作關系副詞來代替when, 引導一個定語從句，修飾表示時間的名詞，如day, time, moment等。

例如： 
I arrived here the day that (=when) he left.我是在他離開的那天到達這兒的。 
He worked hard the whole time that (=when)he lived here.他在這里的整個時間工作都很努力。

十、than和but也可用作關系代詞引導定語從句

1、than用作關系代詞，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

例如： 
You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 
你花的錢超過了預定的數(shù)額。(than是關系代詞，在句中作主語,其先行詞是money)

2、 but作為關系代詞引導定語從句時，一般同具有否定意義的主句連用，其先行詞可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定語從句中。

例如: 
 There was not a single student in my class but learnt a lot from him.(but=who did not)我班上每一個學生都從他那里學到了很多東西。 
 因此，在這種句子中，but在意義上等于“that...not”，“who...not”，“which...not”。

修飾物體時關系代詞that和 which的區(qū)分

使用that的情況：

1.當先行詞是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代詞時。

e.g. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?

2.當先行詞被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修飾時。

e.g. I have some books that are very good.

3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞所修飾時。

e.g. This is the first book that I bought myself.

The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.

4.主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時

e.g. Which is the bike that you lost?

Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.

5.當先行詞在從句和主句中都作表語時,無論先行詞是人還是物.

China is no longer the country that she was.

6.如有兩個定語從句,其中一個已用which引導,另一個宜用that .

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

7.在there be句型中,只用that.

He asked for the latest book (that) there is on the subject.

8.當先行詞被the very, the last, the next, the only 等詞修飾時。

e.g. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

9.當先行詞又有人又有物時。

e.g. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.

只能使用which的情況。

1、非限制性定語從句中。

e.g. Mary has a book, which is very precious.

2、在介詞之后。

e.g. This is a house in which lives an old man.

3、當主句中的主語被that修飾時。

e.g. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.

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