現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中的重要時(shí)態(tài)，今天我們一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)下，內(nèi)容很詳細(xì)，各位家長(zhǎng)老師可以直接使用，也可以根據(jù)先后內(nèi)容做成PPT課件。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have(has)+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。has 用于主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)。(過(guò)去分詞參考我上一篇文章)

①I(mǎi)havejustfinishedmy homework. 我剛做完功課

②Ihave livedin Guangzhou for more than three years. 我已經(jīng)在廣州住了三年多了。

③My sisterhas seenthe movie many times. 那部電影我姐姐看過(guò)好多次了。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句和疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成。

否定句：主語(yǔ)+have /has +not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.

說(shuō)明：have和has常與not 縮寫(xiě)成haven't 和hasn't .

①I(mǎi)haven't seenmuch of him recently 最近我沒(méi)怎么見(jiàn)到他。

②Hehasn't beento Japan.他沒(méi)有去過(guò)日本。

一般疑問(wèn)句：Have /Has +主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其它?

肯定回答：Yes.主語(yǔ)+have /has.

否定回答：No,主語(yǔ)+have /has not。

③—Have you finished your homework ? 你已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了嗎?

–Yes, I have (No, I haven't )是的 。(不，還沒(méi)有)

④–-Has he passed the test yet ? 他考試及格了嗎

—-Yes, he has . (No , he hasn't )是的。(不，沒(méi)及格)

鞏固練習(xí)：

The bus hasn't arrived yet. (改成肯定句)The bus ________ _______ __________.

I have watched the interesting film recently. (改成一般疑問(wèn)句)

_____ you ________ the interesting films recently?

I have already had my breakfast. (改為否定句)I ________ had my breakfast ______.

I have already finished doing my homework. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句)

_____ ________ finished doing your homework ________?

She has already worked out that difficult math problem. (改為否定句)

She _________ worked out that difficult problem __________.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有兩個(gè)主要用法，“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法

“已完成”用法指動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話(huà)之前某個(gè)不明確的時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，但后果或影響至今仍然存在。其重點(diǎn)就是著眼于現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和后果。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yet, just, before , recently ,once ,lately等，也同表示頻率副詞連用，如：often ,once ,ever ,never等。

① I've forgotten his telephone number.我忘記他的電話(huà)號(hào)碼。(表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)法跟他聯(lián)系)

② He has already given up smoking .他已經(jīng)戒煙了。(表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不抽煙了)

③ How many times have you been to Beijing ?他去過(guò)北京幾次?(與表示頻率的狀語(yǔ)連用)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法。

“未完成”用法是指它可以表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這一用法與“已完成”的用法主要區(qū)別在于它通常都要與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。常用的表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)有：for…..,since…(自從…),so far (到目前為止)等。如：①We have received no news from her for 2years .兩年了，我們沒(méi)有她的一點(diǎn)消息。

②She has taught us since I came to this school.從我來(lái)學(xué)校開(kāi)始她就一直教我們。

使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意的情況

瞬間動(dòng)詞(也叫點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或終止性動(dòng)詞)表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，到了終點(diǎn)就不能再延續(xù)，因此不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如for短語(yǔ)，since短語(yǔ)等)連用，但是可以與表示非持續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

His father has died for three years .(✘)

【die（死）為瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用】

①他父親去世已經(jīng)三年了。His father died three years ago . (✔ )

【可以與表示非持續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用]

I have bought the book for a week .(✘)

【buy(買(mǎi))為瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用】

②這本書(shū)我買(mǎi)了一個(gè)星期了。I bought the book a week ago . (✔ )

【可以與表示非延續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用

表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以將瞬間動(dòng)詞變?yōu)橥�義的延續(xù)性或表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))。所以，上面兩例還可以分別表示為：

③His fatherhas been deadfor three years . {be dead (死的)表狀態(tài)}

④I havehad the bookfor a week . {have(擁有)表延續(xù)性動(dòng)作}

常見(jiàn)的瞬間動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換成表延續(xù)狀態(tài)的詞有如下一些：

die —–be dead

leave / go—–be away (from)

come /go back—-be back

buy—–have borrow——-keep

make friends—be friends

open—-be open

fall asleep—be asleep

marry—–be married

begin /start —be on

finish——-be over

get ready —-be ready

arrive/ get to /reach /come

—–be in / be at /stay

join (the Party)

—–be a (Party)member / be in (the Party)

如果出現(xiàn)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，同時(shí)又要保留非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則可以用“It is +時(shí)間+since+一般過(guò)去的句子“句型改寫(xiě)。如上面的句①和句②可以分別表示為：

① It is three years since his father died. ②It is a week since I bought the book

For+一段時(shí)間 ，since+過(guò)去的時(shí)間

鞏固練習(xí)：用for, since, ago填空。

Sally has been away from London ________ last Saturday.

Our school has changed a lot ________ the new building was built.

Tommy has had this motorcycle ________ three years.

I have been in Nanjing ________ eight years.

My parents has been married since twenty years ________.

My cousin joined the army three months ________.

同義句轉(zhuǎn)換

1) They borrowed it last week. They ____ ______it since ______ _______.

I bought a pen two hours ago. I ______ ______a pen for ______ _______.

He has gone to Beijing. He _____ ______ ______ Beijing for two days.

4)He joined the league in 2002.

He _____ ______ a _________ ______ the ________ for two years.

My grandpa died in 2002. My grandpa _______ _____ ______for _______ ________.

6)The shop closed two hours ago.

The shop _______ ________ ______ for ________ _________.

7)The door opened at six in the morning.

The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.

如現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式，則一般可以和表示一段時(shí)間的for短語(yǔ)連用。因?yàn)樗查g動(dòng)詞的否定式構(gòu)成一種狀態(tài)，而狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

① We haven't met him for a long time .我已經(jīng)好久沒(méi)遇到他了。{表示“沒(méi)見(jiàn)到”這一狀態(tài)}

② The old man hasn't left home for a month .那位老人已經(jīng)有一個(gè)月未出門(mén)了。(表示“足不出戶(hù)”

最后區(qū)分：

have (has )been to /have (has) gone to /have (has)been in

have (has) been to表示“去過(guò)某地”，指曾經(jīng)有過(guò)或沒(méi)有過(guò)的一種經(jīng)歷。說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已從該地回來(lái)或已從該地去了其他地方。可以同once，often，never，ever, many times 等連用。

have(has )gone to表示“去某地了”，指說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)某人已不在此地。在去某地的途中或已在某地。所以一般來(lái)說(shuō)此結(jié)構(gòu)只用于主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)時(shí)。

試比較：

She has gone to Shanghai . 她去北京了(表示她人此刻不在這，在北京的途中或已在北京)

She went to Shanghai a year ago 她去過(guò)北京。(表示她到過(guò)北京這一經(jīng)歷)

have (has) been in表示“已在某地(待了多久)若該地為小地方，則in需要用at代替，當(dāng)后面跟副詞時(shí)只用have been，其后不可以用任何介詞。

① The Greens have been in China for two years .

② LiLei's aunt has been at this school for two years.

③The Greens are in China now. They have been here for a half a year.

鞏固練習(xí) ：用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。

A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?

B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.

A: How long _______ he __________ there?

B: He _____________ there for three days.

A: When will he come back, do you know? B: I'm afraid he won't come back recently.

A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?

B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.

A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?

B: He _____________ there only once.

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